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visualization + math

π Day 2025 Art Posters - TTCAGT: a sequence of digits
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca buy artwork
2025 π DAY | TTCAGT: A sequence of digits. 768 digits of `\pi` as a Sanger sequencing trace of 1,536 peaks. Decode the sequence (BUY ARTWORK)

`\pi` Day 2019 Art Posters - Digits, internationally.


Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2024 π DAY | Explore the garden of digits.

Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2023 π DAY | Repeated sequence

Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2022 π DAY | three one four: a number of digits

Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2021 π DAY | Good things grow for those who wait.' edition.


Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2020 π DAY | The piku.

Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2019 π DAY | Hundreds of digits, hundreds of languages and a special kids' edition.

Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2018 π DAY | Street maps to new destinations.

Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2017 π DAY | Imagine the sky in a new way.


Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2016 π APPROXIMATION DAY | What would happen if about right was right.

Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2016 π DAY | These digits really fall for each other.

Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2015 π DAY | A transcendental experience.

Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2014 π APPROXIMATION DAY | Spirals into roughness.


Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2014 π DAY | Hypnotizes you into looking.

Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2014 π DAY | Come into the fold.

Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2013 π DAY | Where it started.

Pi Day 2019 Art Posters  - Digits, internationally.
 / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
CIRCULAR π ART | And other distractions.

On March 14th celebrate `\pi` Day. Hug `\pi`—find a way to do it.

For those who favour `\tau=2\pi` will have to postpone celebrations until July 26th. That's what you get for thinking that `\pi` is wrong. I sympathize with this position and have `\tau` day art too!

If you're not into details, you may opt to party on July 22nd, which is `\pi` approximation day (`\pi` ≈ 22/7). It's 20% more accurate that the official `\pi` day!

Finally, if you believe that `\pi = 3`, you should read why `\pi` is not equal to 3.

Most of the art is available for purchase as framed prints and, yes, even pillows. Sleep's never been more important — I take custom requests.

How many ages hence
Shall this our lofty scene be acted over
In states unborn and accents yet unknown!
—Willian Shakespeare (Julius Caesar, Act III, Scene 1)

Welcome to this year's celebration of `\pi` and mathematics.

The theme this year is typographical and pure—in contrast to last year's extremely elaborate computational art. This year is also the first time I have made a special kids' edition!

This year's poem is by Viorica Hrincu and it is about complications.

This year's `\pi` day song is Tshinanu by Kashtin.

If you enjoy art based on type, explore my other typographical works.

The posters were generated automatically with some optimization for avoiding word wrapping, balancing different alphabets across the page, word lengths, specific digit terminations (e.g. international kids poster ends in a 3) and so on.

download multi-language number word list

You can download my list of numbers 0 to 9 in various languages. The list has some in-line annotations used in this process.

Download number word list
v0.1 12 Mar 2019

Below are the digit and word lists for each poster. The format is

digit_index[digit](language)word

Kids, English (127 digits)

0[3]THREE 1[1]ONE 2[4]FOUR 3[1]ONE 4[5]FIVE 5[9]NINE 6[2]TWO 7[6]SIX 8[5]FIVE 9[3]THREE 10[5]FIVE 11[8]EIGHT 12[9]NINE 13[7]SEVEN 14[9]NINE 15[3]THREE 16[2]TWO 17[3]THREE 18[8]EIGHT 19[4]FOUR 20[6]SIX 21[2]TWO 22[6]SIX 23[4]FOUR 24[3]THREE 25[3]THREE 26[8]EIGHT 27[3]THREE 28[2]TWO 29[7]SEVEN 30[9]NINE 31[5]FIVE 32[0]ZERO 33[2]TWO 34[8]EIGHT 35[8]EIGHT 36[4]FOUR 37[1]ONE 38[9]NINE 39[7]SEVEN 40[1]ONE 41[6]SIX 42[9]NINE 43[3]THREE 44[9]NINE 45[9]NINE 46[3]THREE 47[7]SEVEN 48[5]FIVE 49[1]ONE 50[0]ZERO 51[5]FIVE 52[8]EIGHT 53[2]TWO 54[0]ZERO 55[9]NINE 56[7]SEVEN 57[4]FOUR 58[9]NINE 59[4]FOUR 60[4]FOUR 61[5]FIVE 62[9]NINE 63[2]TWO 64[3]THREE 65[0]ZERO 66[7]SEVEN 67[8]EIGHT 68[1]ONE 69[6]SIX 70[4]FOUR 71[0]ZERO 72[6]SIX 73[2]TWO 74[8]EIGHT 75[6]SIX 76[2]TWO 77[0]ZERO 78[8]EIGHT 79[9]NINE 80[9]NINE 81[8]EIGHT 82[6]SIX 83[2]TWO 84[8]EIGHT 85[0]ZERO 86[3]THREE 87[4]FOUR 88[8]EIGHT 89[2]TWO 90[5]FIVE 91[3]THREE 92[4]FOUR 93[2]TWO 94[1]ONE 95[1]ONE 96[7]SEVEN 97[0]ZERO 98[6]SIX 99[7]SEVEN 100[9]NINE 101[8]EIGHT 102[2]TWO 103[1]ONE 104[4]FOUR 105[8]EIGHT 106[0]ZERO 107[8]EIGHT 108[6]SIX 109[5]FIVE 110[1]ONE 111[3]THREE 112[2]TWO 113[8]EIGHT 114[2]TWO 115[3]THREE 116[0]ZERO 117[6]SIX 118[6]SIX 119[4]FOUR 120[7]SEVEN 121[0]ZERO 122[9]NINE 123[3]THREE 124[8]EIGHT 125[4]FOUR 126[4]FOUR

Kids, International (116 digits, 64 languages )

0[3](English)THREE, 1[1](Samoan)TASI, 2[4](Zenaga)AKOZ, 3[1](Sesotho)NNGWE, 4[5](Zenaga)SHAMMUSH, 5[9](Croatian)DEVET, 6[2](Latvian)DIVI, 7[6](Maltese)SITTA, 8[5](Solresol)RELALA, 9[3](Lithuanian)TRYS, 10[5](Catalan)CINC, 11[8](Irish)OCHT, 12[9](French)NEUF, 13[7](Portuguese)SETE, 14[9](Dutch)NEGEN, 15[3](French)TROIS, 16[2](Cebuano)DUHA, 17[3](Gongduk)TAWA, 18[8](English)EIGHT, 19[4](Frisian)FJOUWER, 20[6](Gongduk)KUPA, 21[2](Afrikaans)TWEE, 22[6](Frisian)SEIS, 23[4](Malagasy)EFATRA, 24[3](Finnish)KOLME, 25[3](Estonian)KOLM, 26[8](Croatian)OSAM, 27[3](Corsican)QUATTRU, 28[2](Khasi)AR, 29[7](Nao)TESSEN, 30[9](Hausa)TARA, 31[5](Zulu)KUHLANU, 32[0](Xhosa)UNOTHI, 33[2](Puyuma)ZUWA, 34[8](Shona)SERE, 35[8](Ladan)NIB, 36[4](Somali)AFAR, 37[1](Esperanto)UNU, 38[9](Welsh)NAW, 39[7](Latin)SEPTEM, 40[1](Spanish)UNO, 41[6](French)SIX, 42[9](Lithuanian)DEVYNI, 43[3](Haitian_creole)TWA, 44[9](German)NEUN, 45[9](Zenaga)TUZA, 46[3](Catalan)TRES, 47[7](Cebuano)PITO, 48[5](Maori)RIMA, 49[1](Maori)TAHI, 50[0](Galician)CERO, 51[5](Icelandic)FIMM, 52[8](Finnish)KAHDEKSAN, 53[2](Zenaga)SHINAN, 54[0](Tagalog)SERO, 55[9](English)NINE, 56[7](Malagasy)FITO, 57[4](Indonesian)EMPAT, 58[9](Turkish)DOKUZ, 59[4](Lithuanian)KETURI, 60[4](Swahili)NNE, 61[5](Latvian)PIECI, 62[9](Dothraki)QAZAT, 63[2](Swahili)MBILI, 64[3](Cebuano)TULO, 65[0](Azerbaijani)SIFIR, 66[7](Dothraki)FEKH, 67[8](Slovenian)OSEM, 68[1](Tetun)IDA, 69[6](Hawaiian)EONO, 70[4](Tetun)HAT, 71[0](Corsican)ZERU, 72[6](Xhosa)ZINTANDATHU, 73[2](Maori)RUA, 74[8](Nao)ZYAD, 75[6](Dutch)ZES, 76[2](Hausa)BIYU, 77[0](Swedish)NOLL, 78[8](Danish)OTTE, 79[9](Scots_gaelic)NAOI, 80[9](Spanish)NUEVE, 81[8](Ro)ZAQ, 82[6](Ro)ZAL, 83[2](Ladan)SHIN, 84[8](Esperanto)OK, 85[0](Hausa)SIFILI, 86[3](Polish)TRZY, 87[4](Basque)LAU, 88[8](Basque)ZORTZI, 89[2](Haitian_creole)DE, 90[5](Xhosa)ZINTLANU, 91[3](Welsh)TRI, 92[4](Afrikaans)VIER, 93[2](Albanian)DY, 94[1](Frisian)IEN, 95[1](Tenerife)BEN, 96[7](Norwegian)SJU, 97[0](Dothraki)SOM, 98[6](Solon)NINGUN, 99[7](Slovak)SEDEM, 100[9](Tetun)SIA, 101[8](Welsh)WYTH, 102[2](Yoruba)MEJI, 103[1](Slovak)JEDEN, 104[4](Danish)FIRE, 105[8](Luxembourgish)AACHT, 106[0](German)NULL, 107[8](Maltese)TMIENJA, 108[6](Huastec_mayan)ACAC, 109[5](Welsh)PUMP, 110[1](Solon)YMUN, 111[3](Danish)TRE, 112[2](Dothraki)AKAT, 113[8](Scots_gaelic)OCHD, 114[2](Italian)DUE, 115[3](English)THREE

words, international (223 digits, 102 languages)

Some characters may not display on your screen if you do not have the supporting font. The lists below include the row of the word

digit_index:row[digit](language)word
0:0[3](English)THREE
1:0[1](Turkish)BİR
2:0[4](Greek_old)𐀤𐀵𐀫
3:0[1](Danish)EN
4:0[5](Igbo)ISE
5:0[9](Hindi)नौ
6:0[2](Urdu)دو
7:0[6](Koreansino)육
8:0[5](Gujarati)પાંચ
9:1[5](Bulgarian)ПЕТ
10:1[8](Korean)여덟
11:1[9](Etruscan)𐌍𐌖𐌓𐌘
12:1[7](Ladino)סִייֵּטִי
13:1[9](Koreansino)구
14:1[3](Hindi)तीन
15:1[2](Greek_old)𐀉𐀺
16:1[3](Ainu)レ
17:1[8](Japanese_sino)はち
18:2[6](Afrikaans)SES
19:2[2](Hungarian)KÉT
20:2[6](Irish)SÉ
21:2[4](Japanese_sino)よん
22:2[3](Macedonian)ТРИ
23:2[3](Urdu)تین
24:2[8](Ro)ZAQ
25:2[3](Pashto)درې
26:2[2](Khmer)ពីរ
27:3[9](Yiddish)נײַן
28:3[5](Ladino)סִינְקוּ
29:3[0](Myanmar)သုည
30:3[2](Malay)دوا
31:3[8](Avestan)𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀
32:3[8](Gothic)𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿
33:3[4](Biblical_arameic)אַרְבְּעָה
34:3[1](Dothraki)AT
35:4[7](Norse)ᛋᛁᚢ
36:4[1](Telugu)ఒకటి
37:4[6](Swedish)SEX
38:4[9](Punjabi)ਨੌ
39:4[3](Sundanese)ᮒᮤᮜᮥ
40:4[9](Norwegian)NI
41:4[9](Khmer)ប្រាំបួន
42:4[3](Arabic)ثلاثة
43:4[7](Yi)ʂɿ
44:5[1](Kazakh)БІР
45:5[0](Mongolianclassical)ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ
46:5[5](Swahili)TANO
47:5[8](Hindi)आठ
48:5[2](Chinese)二
49:5[0](Dothraki)SOM
50:5[9](Samaritan)ࠕࠔࠏ
51:5[7](Lao)ເຈັດ
52:5[4](Bengali)চার
53:6[4](Old_english)ᚠᛇᚹᛖᚱ
54:6[4](Arabic)أربعة
55:6[5](Wyandot)WIŠ
56:6[9](Javanese)ꦱꦔ
57:6[2](Myanmar)နှစ်
58:6[3](Kazakh)ҮШ
59:6[0](Chinese)零
60:6[7](Mongolianclassical)ᠳᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨ
61:7[1](Slovak)JEDEN
62:7[6](Phoenician)𐤔𐤔
63:7[4](Mandaic)ࡀࡓࡁࡉ
64:7[0](Persian)صفر
65:7[6](Buginese)ᨕᨛᨊᨛ
66:7[2](Albanian)DY
67:7[8](Bengali)আট
68:7[6](Hindi)छः
69:7[2](Japanese_sino)に
70:8[8](Banjar)والو
71:8[9](Amharic)ዘጠኝ
72:8[9](Pashto)نهه
73:8[8](Danish)OTTE
74:8[6](Chinese)六
75:8[2](Gujarati)બે
76:8[8](Sesotho)ROBONG
77:8[0](Lao)ສູນ
78:9[4](Hindi)चार
79:9[8](Latvian)ASTOŅI
80:9[2](Kyrgyz)ЭКИ
81:9[5](Myanmar)ငါး
82:9[3](Tajik)СЕ
83:9[4](Klallam)ŊÚS
84:9[2](Sanskrit)द्वे
85:9[1](Gujarati)એક
86:9[1](Bengali)এক
87:10[0](Igbo)EFU
88:10[6](Yonaguni)む
89:10[7](Ugaritic)𐎌𐎁𐎓
90:10[9](Norse)ᚾᛁᚢ
91:10[8](Swedish)ÅTTA
92:10[2](Bumthang)ཟོན་་
93:10[1](Ladino)אוּנוּ
94:10[4](Chinese)四
95:10[8](Sindhi)اٺ
96:11[8](Malagasy)VALO
97:11[6](Cherokee)ᏑᏓᎵ
98:11[5](Punjabi)ਪੰਜ
99:11[1](Coptic)ⲟⲩⲁ
100:11[3](Mandaic)ࡕࡋࡀࡕࡀ
101:11[2](Danish)TO
102:11[8](Yi)hi
103:11[2](Old_turkic)𐰚𐰃
104:12[0](Yiddish)נול
105:12[6](Malay)انم
106:12[6](Ugaritic)𐎘𐎘
107:12[4](Syriac)ܐܰܪܒܥܳܐ
108:12[7](Klallam)C̓ÚʔKʷS
109:12[0](Sinhala)ශුන්යය
110:12[9](Banjar)ساڠ
111:12[3](Sylheti)ꠔꠤꠘ
112:12[8](Pashto)اته
113:13[4](Yonaguni)どぅ
114:13[6](Yi)fu
115:13[0](Catalan)ZERO
116:13[9](Esperanto)NAŬ
117:13[5](Welsh)PUMP
118:13[5](Malay)ليم
119:13[0](Amharic)ዜሮ
120:13[5](Khmer)ប្រាំ
121:14[2](Punjabi)ਦੋ
122:14[2](Frisian)TWA
123:14[3](Sindhi)ٽي
124:14[1](Syriac)ܚܰܕ
125:14[7](Azerbaijani)YEDDİ
126:14[2](Inuktitut)ᒪᕐᕉᒃ
127:14[5](Sylheti)ꠙꠣꠌ
128:14[3](Latvian)TRĪS
129:15[9](Coptic)ⲫⲓⲧ
130:15[4](Tetun)HAT
131:15[0](Punjabi)ਿਸਫਰ
132:15[8](Amharic)ስምት
133:15[1](Albanian)NJË
134:15[2](Biblical_arameic)תְּרֵין
135:15[8](Sylheti)ꠀꠑ
136:15[4](Sindhi)چار
137:15[8](Myanmar)ရှစ်
138:16[1](Buginese)ᨔᨙᨉᨗ
139:16[1](Lao)ນຶ່ງ
140:16[7](Sinhala)හත
141:16[4](Gaulish)𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌏𐌓
142:16[5](Sanskrit)पञ्च
143:16[0](Javanese)ꦤꦺꦴꦭ꧀
144:16[2](Ainu)トゥ
145:16[8](Esperanto)OK
146:16[4](Thai)สี่
147:17[0](Slovenian)NIČ
148:17[2](Avestan)𐬛𐬬𐬀
149:17[7](Hindi)सात
150:17[0](Samoan)SELO
151:17[1](Greek_old)𐀁𐀕
152:17[9](Mongolianclassical)ᠢᠰᠦᠨ
153:17[3](Malayalam)മുന്ന്
154:17[8](Punjabi)ਅੱਠ
155:17[5](Koreansino)오
156:18[1](Spanish)UNO
157:18[1](Samaritan)ࠇࠠࠃࠠࠄ
158:18[0](Ro)ZAX
159:18[5](Ainu)アシㇰネ
160:18[5](Telugu)ఐదు
161:18[5](Bumthang)ཡ་ང་་
162:18[9](Yi)ɡu
163:18[6](Gujarati)છ
164:19[4](Sundanese)ᮇᮕᮒ᮪
165:19[6](Romanian)ŞASE
166:19[2](Hebrew)שתיים
167:19[2](Kazakh)ЕКІ
168:19[9](Phoenician)𐤕𐤔𐤏
169:19[4](Yiddish)פֿיר
170:19[8](Chinese)八
171:19[9](Sindhi)نو
172:20[4](Phoenician)𐤀𐤓𐤁
173:20[9](Balinese)ᬲᬶᬬ
174:20[3](Persian)سه
175:20[0](Galician)CERO
176:20[3](Klallam)ꞭÍXʷ
177:20[8](Ladan)NIB
178:20[1](Kannada)ಒಂದು
179:20[9](Sanskrit)नव
180:21[4](Lao)ສີ່
181:21[4](Xhosa)ZINE
182:21[2](Proto_germanic)ᛏᚹᚨ
183:21[8](Koreansino)팔
184:21[8](Sinhala)අට
185:21[1](Old_english)ᚪᚾ
186:21[0](Malagasy)AOTRA
187:21[9](Persian)نه
188:22[5](Norwegian)FEM
189:22[6](Hopi)NAVAY
190:22[6](Syriac)ܐܶܫܬܳܐ
191:22[5](Czech)PĚT
192:22[9](Gujarati)નવ
193:22[3](Kannada)ಮೂರು
194:22[3](Khmer)បី
195:22[4](Samoan)FĀ
196:23[6](Sanskrit)षष्
197:23[1](Georgian)ერთი
198:23[2](Mandaic)ࡕࡓࡉࡍ
199:23[8](Georgian_old)ႰႥႠჂ
200:23[4](Swahili)NNE
201:23[7](Banjar)ڤيتو
202:23[5](Chinese)五
203:23[6](Armenian)վեց
204:24[8](Mongolianclassical)ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ
205:24[2](Sindhi)ٻه
206:24[3](Thompson)KEʔŁÉS
207:24[3](Ugaritic)𐎘𐎍𐎘
208:24[7](Slavonic)СЕДМЬ
209:24[8](Sanskrit)अष्ट
210:24[6](Urdu)چھ
211:24[7](Gujarati)સાત
212:25[3](Biblical_arameic)תְּלָתָה
213:25[1](Phoenician)𐤀𐤇𐤃
214:25[6](Balinese)ᬦᭂᬦᭂᬫ᭄
215:25[5](Yiddish)פֿינף
216:25[2](Malayalam)രണ്ട്
217:25[7](Sindhi)ست
218:25[1](Cia-cia)루아
219:25[2](Arabic)اثنان
220:25[0](Ladino)זִרוֹ
221:26[9](Greekkoine)ἐννέα
222:26[9](Iglulingmiutut)ᖁᓕᖃᙱᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ 

single glyphs, international (351 digits, 54 alphabets)

Below "Numbers" for the language indicates the Roman alphabet digits 0...9.

0:0[3](Numbers)3
1:0[1](Odia)୧
2:0[4](Sumerian)𒐼
3:0[1](Ethiopic)፩
4:0[5](Limbu)᥋
5:0[9](Rumi)𐹨
6:0[2](Koreansino)이
7:0[6](Gujarati)છ
8:0[5](Klingon)5
9:0[3](Sundanese)᮳
10:0[5](Lepcha)᱅
11:0[8](Burmese)၈
12:0[9](Sinhalaarchaic)𑇩
13:0[7](Malayalam)൭
14:0[9](Osmanya)𐒩
15:0[3](Yi)ꌕ
16:1[3](Numbers)3
17:1[8](Cham)꩘
18:1[4](Oriya)୪
19:1[6](Yi)ꃘ
20:1[2](Kayahli)꤂
21:1[6](Tibetan)༦
22:1[4](Sanskrit)४
23:1[3](Tamil)௩
24:1[3](Lepcha)᱃
25:1[8](Burmese)၈
26:1[3](Telugu)౩
27:1[2](Sinhala)෨
28:1[7](Malayalam)൭
29:1[9](Arabic)٩
30:1[5](Nko)߅
31:1[0](Osmanya)𐒠
32:2[8](Kannada)೮
33:2[8](Sinhalaarchaic)𑇨
34:2[4](Arabic)٤
35:2[1](Balinese)᭑
36:2[9](Chinese)九
37:2[7](Yi)ꏃ
38:2[1](Lao)໑
39:2[6](Nko)߆
40:2[9](Shan)႙
41:2[3](Copticepact)𐋣
42:2[9](Brahmi)𑁯
43:2[9](Sanskrit)९
44:2[3](Gurmukhi)੩
45:2[7](Bengali)৭
46:2[5](Telugu)౫
47:2[1](Burmese)၁
48:3[5](Sumerian)𒐊
49:3[8](Yi)ꉆ
50:3[2](Kharoshthi)𐩁
51:3[0](Lepcha)᱀
52:3[9](Bengali)৯
53:3[7](Koreansino)칠
54:3[4](Limbu)᥊
55:3[9](Balinese)᭙
56:3[4](Kayahli)꤄
57:3[4](Lao)໔
58:3[5](Kannada)೫
59:3[9](Chinese)九
60:3[2](Copticepact)𐋢
61:3[3](Sinhalaarchaic)𑇣
62:3[0](Tibetan)༠
63:3[7](Arabic)٧
64:4[1](Kharoshthi)𐩀
65:4[6](Hebrew)ו
66:4[4](Osmanya)𐒤
67:4[0](Sundanese)᮰
68:4[6](Khmer)៦
69:4[2](Brahmi)𑁨
70:4[8](Oriya)୮
71:4[6](Javanese)꧖
72:4[2](Klingon)2
73:4[0](Lepcha)᱀
74:4[8](Burmese)၈
75:4[9](Sanskrit)९
76:4[9](Olchiki)᱙
77:4[8](Arabic)٨
78:4[6](Yonaguni)む
79:4[2](Punjabi)੨
80:5[0](Burmese)၀
81:5[3](Ainu)レ
82:5[4](Odia)୪
83:5[8](Lao)໘
84:5[2](Yi)ꑍ
85:5[5](Sundanese)᮵
86:5[3](Osmanya)𐒣
87:5[4](Limbu)᥊
88:5[2](Sinhala)෨
89:5[1](Copticepact)𐋡
90:5[1](Sumerian)𒁹
91:5[7](Khmer)៧
92:5[0](Tibetan)༠
93:5[6](Thai)๖
94:5[7](Koreansino)칠
95:5[9](Japanese_sino)く
96:6[2](Rumi)𐹡
97:6[1](Nko)߁
98:6[4](Javanese)꧔
99:6[8](Telugu)౮
100:6[0](Sinhala)෦
101:6[8](Ethiopic)፰
102:6[6](Thai)๖
103:6[5](Roman)V
104:6[1](Koreansino)일
105:6[3](Copticepact)𐋣
106:6[2](Limbu)᥈
107:6[8](Yonaguni)だ
108:6[2](Kannada)೨
109:6[3](Mongolian)᠓
110:6[0](Vai)꘠
111:6[6](Punjabi)੬
112:7[4](Klingon)4
113:7[7](Nko)߇
114:7[0](Kayahli)꤀
115:7[9](Brahmi)𑁯
116:7[3](Chakma)𑄹
117:7[8](Yi)ꉆ
118:7[4](Sundanese)᮴
119:7[4](Osmanya)𐒤
120:7[6](Sinhala)෬
121:7[0](Arabic)٠
122:7[9](Saurashtra)꣙
123:7[5](Meeteimayek)꯵
124:7[5](Adlam)𞥕
125:7[0](Koreansino)공
126:7[5](Numbers)5
127:7[8](Gurmukhi)੮
128:8[2](Tibetan)༢
129:8[3](Vai)꘣
130:8[1](Sinhala)෧
131:8[7](Lepcha)᱇
132:8[2](Gujaranti)૨
133:8[5](Chakma)𑄻
134:8[3](Brahmi)𑁩
135:8[5](Hebrew)ה
136:8[9](Odia)୯
137:8[4](Copticepact)𐋤
138:8[0](Kayahli)꤀
139:8[8](Sumerian)𒑄
140:8[1](Sanskrit)१
141:8[2](Rumi)𐹡
142:8[8](Sundanese)᮸
143:8[4](Telugu)౪
144:9[1](Odia)୧
145:9[1](Ethiopic)፩
146:9[1](Chinese)一
147:9[7](Gujaranti)૭
148:9[4](Koreansino)사
149:9[5](Khmer)៥
150:9[0](Kayahli)꤀
151:9[2](Osmanya)𐒢
152:9[8](Sinhala)෮
153:9[4](Olchiki)᱔
154:9[1](Kharoshthi)𐩀
155:9[0](Lepcha)᱀
156:9[2](Kannada)೨
157:9[7](Telugu)౭
158:9[0](Numbers)0
159:9[1](Bengali)১
160:10[3](Sinhalaarchaic)𑇣
161:10[8](Telugu)౮
162:10[5](Meeteimayek)꯵
163:10[2](Sumerian)𒈫
164:10[1](Arabic)١
165:10[1](Thai)๑
166:10[0](Shan)႐
167:10[5](Hebrew)ה
168:10[5](Bengali)৫
169:10[5](Malayalam)൫
170:10[9](Brahmi)𑁯
171:10[6](Oriya)୬
172:10[4](Burmese)၄
173:10[4](Kharoshthi)𐩃
174:10[6](Balinese)᭖
175:10[2](Japanese_sino)に
176:11[9](Tamil)௯
177:11[4](Telugu)౪
178:11[8](Punjabi)੮
179:11[9](Osmanya)𐒩
180:11[5](Khmer)៥
181:11[4](Chinese)四
182:11[9](Arabic)٩
183:11[3](Kayahli)꤃
184:11[0](Sinhala)෦
185:11[3](Nko)߃
186:11[8](Copticepact)𐋨
187:11[1](Lao)໑
188:11[9](Thai)๙
189:11[6](Tibetan)༦
190:11[4](Sundanese)᮴
191:11[4](Odia)୪
192:12[8](Lao)໘
193:12[8](Javanese)꧘
194:12[1](Roman)I
195:12[0](Burmese)၀
196:12[9](Bengali)৯
197:12[7](Lepcha)᱇
198:12[5](Copticepact)𐋥
199:12[6](Gujaranti)૬
200:12[6](Tibetan)༦
201:12[5](Sundanese)᮵
202:12[9](Klingon)9
203:12[3](Sanskrit)३
204:12[3](Yi)ꌕ
205:12[4](Vai)꘤
206:12[4](Korean)넷
207:12[6](Tamil)௬
208:13[2](Khmer)២
209:13[8](Meeteimayek)꯸
210:13[4](Kannada)೪
211:13[7](Brahmi)𑁭
212:13[5](Tibetan)༥
213:13[6](Balinese)᭖
214:13[4](Lepcha)᱄
215:13[8](Saurashtra)꣘
216:13[2](Burmese)၂
217:13[3](Mongolian)᠓
218:13[3](Rumi)𐹢
219:13[7](Limbu)᥍
220:13[8](Arabic)٨
221:13[6](Chinese)六
222:13[7](Numbers)7
223:13[8](Osmanya)𐒨
224:14[1](Olchiki)᱑
225:14[6](Sundanese)᮶
226:14[5](Yi)ꉬ
227:14[2](Koreansino)이
228:14[7](Vai)꘧
229:14[1](Balinese)᭑
230:14[2](Hebrew)ב
231:14[0](Brahmi)𑁦
232:14[1](Oriya)୧
233:14[9](Gurmukhi)੯
234:14[0](Arabic)٠
235:14[9](Saurashtra)꣙
236:14[1](Odia)୧
237:14[4](Meeteimayek)꯴
238:14[5](Telugu)౫
239:14[6](Cham)꩖
240:15[8](Sinhala)෮
241:15[5](Limbu)᥋
242:15[6](Thai)๖
243:15[6](Copticepact)𐋦
244:15[9](Tamil)௯
245:15[2](Shan)႒
246:15[3](Telugu)౩
247:15[4](Vai)꘤
248:15[6](Odia)୬
249:15[0](Osmanya)𐒠
250:15[3](Klingon)3
251:15[4](Hebrew)ד
252:15[8](Javanese)꧘
253:15[6](Oriya)୬
254:15[1](Adlam)𞥑
255:15[0](Tibetan)༠
256:16[5](Arabic)٥
257:16[4](Gujaranti)૪
258:16[3](Shan)႓
259:16[2](Japanese_sino)に
260:16[6](Odia)୬
261:16[6](Javanese)꧖
262:16[4](Osmanya)𐒤
263:16[8](Sundanese)᮸
264:16[2](Hebrew)ב
265:16[1](Kharoshthi)𐩀
266:16[3](Nko)߃
267:16[3](Ainu)レ
268:16[9](Kayahli)꤉
269:16[3](Chakma)𑄹
270:16[6](Kannada)೬
271:16[0](Klingon)0
272:17[2](Klingon)2
273:17[6](Tamil)௬
274:17[0](Numbers)0
275:17[2](Kharoshthi)𐩁
276:17[4](Lepcha)᱄
277:17[9](Sundanese)᮹
278:17[1](Mongolian)᠑
279:17[4](Meeteimayek)꯴
280:17[1](Khmer)១
281:17[2](Kannada)೨
282:17[7](Bengali)৭
283:17[3](Sumerian)𒐈
284:17[7](Saurashtra)꣗
285:17[2](Copticepact)𐋢
286:17[4](Hebrew)ד
287:17[5](Koreansino)오
288:18[7](Klingon)7
289:18[0](Arabic)٠
290:18[0](Osmanya)𐒠
291:18[6](Lepcha)᱆
292:18[6](Malayalam)൬
293:18[0](Sinhala)෦
294:18[6](Shan)႖
295:18[3](Vai)꘣
296:18[1](Bengali)১
297:18[5](Yi)ꉬ
298:18[5](Khmer)៥
299:18[8](Punjabi)੮
300:18[8](Mongolian)᠘
301:18[1](Thai)๑
302:18[7](Koreansino)칠
303:18[4](Cham)꩔
304:19[8](Meeteimayek)꯸
305:19[1](Gurmukhi)੧
306:19[5](Malayalam)൫
307:19[2](Kayahli)꤂
308:19[0](Numbers)0
309:19[9](Limbu)᥏
310:19[2](Javanese)꧒
311:19[0](Osmanya)𐒠
312:19[9](Tamil)௯
313:19[6](Telugu)౬
314:19[2](Sinhalaarchaic)𑇢
315:19[8](Punjabi)੮
316:19[2](Sinhala)෨
317:19[9](Koreansino)구
318:19[2](Kharoshthi)𐩁
319:19[5](Ethiopic)፭
320:20[0](Shan)႐
321:20[9](Nko)߉
322:20[1](Mongolian)᠑
323:20[7](Koreansino)칠
324:20[1](Chinese)一
325:20[5](Copticepact)𐋥
326:20[3](Kharoshthi)𐩂
327:20[6](Numbers)6
328:20[4](Meeteimayek)꯴
329:20[3](Kayahli)꤃
330:20[6](Yi)ꃘ
331:20[7](Olchiki)᱗
332:20[8](Lepcha)᱈
333:20[9](Ethiopic)፱
334:20[2](Malayalam)൨
335:20[5](Tibetan)༥
336:21[0](Osmanya)𐒠
337:21[3](Lepcha)᱃
338:21[6](Tamil)௬
339:21[0](Shan)႐
340:21[0](Klingon)0
341:21[1](Kannada)೧
342:21[1](Gujaranti)૧
343:21[3](Tibetan)༣
344:21[3](Nko)߃
345:21[0](Sinhala)෦
346:21[5](Oriya)୫
347:21[3](Yi)ꌕ
348:21[0](Brahmi)𑁦
349:21[5](Japanese_sino)ご
350:21[4](Mongolian)᠔
351:21[8](Saurashtra)꣘
news + thoughts

Happy 2025 π Day—
TTCAGT: a sequence of digits

Thu 13-03-2025

Celebrate π Day (March 14th) and sequence digits like its 1999. Let's call some peaks.

Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2025 π DAY | TTCAGT: a sequence of digits. The digits of π are encoded into DNA sequence and visualized with Sanger sequencing. (details)

Crafting 10 Years of Statistics Explanations: Points of Significance

Sun 09-03-2025

I don’t have good luck in the match points. —Rafael Nadal, Spanish tennis player

Points of Significance is an ongoing series of short articles about statistics in Nature Methods that started in 2013. Its aim is to provide clear explanations of essential concepts in statistics for a nonspecialist audience. The articles favor heuristic explanations and make extensive use of simulated examples and graphical explanations, while maintaining mathematical rigor.

Topics range from basic, but often misunderstood, such as uncertainty and P-values, to relatively advanced, but often neglected, such as the error-in-variables problem and the curse of dimensionality. More recent articles have focused on timely topics such as modeling of epidemics, machine learning, and neural networks.

In this article, we discuss the evolution of topics and details behind some of the story arcs, our approach to crafting statistical explanations and narratives, and our use of figures and numerical simulations as props for building understanding.

Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
Crafting 10 Years of Statistics Explanations: Points of Significance. (read)

Altman, N. & Krzywinski, M. (2025) Crafting 10 Years of Statistics Explanations: Points of Significance. Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application 12:69–87.

Propensity score matching

Mon 16-09-2024

I don’t have good luck in the match points. —Rafael Nadal, Spanish tennis player

In many experimental designs, we need to keep in mind the possibility of confounding variables, which may give rise to bias in the estimate of the treatment effect.

Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
Nature Methods Points of Significance column: Propensity score matching. (read)

If the control and experimental groups aren't matched (or, roughly, similar enough), this bias can arise.

Sometimes this can be dealt with by randomizing, which on average can balance this effect out. When randomization is not possible, propensity score matching is an excellent strategy to match control and experimental groups.

Kurz, C.F., Krzywinski, M. & Altman, N. (2024) Points of significance: Propensity score matching. Nat. Methods 21:1770–1772.

Understanding p-values and significance

Tue 24-09-2024

P-values combined with estimates of effect size are used to assess the importance of experimental results. However, their interpretation can be invalidated by selection bias when testing multiple hypotheses, fitting multiple models or even informally selecting results that seem interesting after observing the data.

We offer an introduction to principled uses of p-values (targeted at the non-specialist) and identify questionable practices to be avoided.

Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
Understanding p-values and significance. (read)

Altman, N. & Krzywinski, M. (2024) Understanding p-values and significance. Laboratory Animals 58:443–446.

Depicting variability and uncertainty using intervals and error bars

Thu 05-09-2024

Variability is inherent in most biological systems due to differences among members of the population. Two types of variation are commonly observed in studies: differences among samples and the “error” in estimating a population parameter (e.g. mean) from a sample. While these concepts are fundamentally very different, the associated variation is often expressed using similar notation—an interval that represents a range of values with a lower and upper bound.

In this article we discuss how common intervals are used (and misused).

Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
Depicting variability and uncertainty using intervals and error bars. (read)

Altman, N. & Krzywinski, M. (2024) Depicting variability and uncertainty using intervals and error bars. Laboratory Animals 58:453–456.

Nasa to send our human genome discs to the Moon

Sat 23-03-2024

We'd like to say a ‘cosmic hello’: mathematics, culture, palaeontology, art and science, and ... human genomes.

Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
SANCTUARY PROJECT | A cosmic hello of art, science, and genomes. (details)
Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
SANCTUARY PROJECT | Benoit Faiveley, founder of the Sanctuary project gives the Sanctuary disc a visual check at CEA LeQ Grenoble (image: Vincent Thomas). (details)
Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
SANCTUARY PROJECT | Sanctuary team examines the Life disc at INRIA Paris Saclay (image: Benedict Redgrove) (details)
Martin Krzywinski | contact | Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences CentreBC Cancer Research CenterBC CancerPHSA
Google whack “vicissitudinal corporealization”
{ 10.9.234.152 }