The Deadly Genomes
Genome structure and size of harmful bacteria and viruses  
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Viruses > Riboviria > Orthornavirae > Pisuviricota > Pisoniviricetes > Nidovirales > Cornidovirineae > Coronaviridae > Orthocoronavirinae > Betacoronavirus > Sarbecovirus > 2697049

SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and of interest

A new poster showcasing the genes and ORFs (open reading frames) of each of the 13 WHO variants. One of these posters appeared in the March/April 2022 issue of American Scientist.


Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski
Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski

WHO skipped nu (ν) and xi (ξ)? Yes, WHO did.

On these posters, the sequence of each variant is drawn as a path. The length of the path is proportional to the size of the genome. Every fifth base is drawn as a circle whose color is based on the GC content (fraction of guanines and cytosines). The path curvature is proportional to the repeat content and the direction of curvature is determined by whether the GC content is lower or higher than average. Data for all variants can be downloaded from NCBI Virus.


Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski
Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski

Can you untangle the ball of confusion?


Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski
Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski
Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski

mutations profiles of each variant

Mutation profiles of each WHO SARS-Cov-2 variant, with a focus on unique mutations. The poster is a visual story of how to tell a story and shows the benefits of rescaling each ORF and gene based on the density of unique mutations.


Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski

of concern

Genomes of 13 WHO variants of SARS-CoV-2. The first sequence is the original Wuhan-Hu-1 strain used as the virus' reference genome.


Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski

Genomes of 13 WHO variants of SARS-CoV-2. If you don't like tables, this bundle of variants is for you.

Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski

matrix of 56 genomes

Genomes of 56 fully sequenced isolates of the Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Each genome is drawn as a path. The length of the path is proportional to the size of the genome. Every fifth base is drawn as a circle whose color is based on the GC content (fraction of guanines and cytosines). The path curvature is proportional to the repeat content and the direction of curvature is determined by whether the GC content is lower or higher than average. Genomes are labeled by sample origin, date, accession, size (in bases) and the number of base differences relative to the first published SARS-CoV-2 genome (MN019529), which appears first on the poster.

Completely sequenced SARS-CoV-2 isolates as of 8 March 2020 from China National Center for Bioinformation and NCBI. Poster updated 17 March 2020.


Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski

Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski
Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski
Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski
Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski

ball of 56 genomes

Genomes of 56 fully sequenced isolates of Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Each genome is drawn as a path. The length of the path is proportional to the size of the genome. Every fifth base is drawn as a circle whose color is based on the GC content (fraction of guanines and cytosines). The path curvature is proportional to the repeat content and the direction of curvature is determined by whether the GC content is lower or higher than average. Genomes paths are centered and layering order of is determined individually for each base by the difference between local GC content and the average value of 0.38.


Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski
Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski
Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski
Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski
Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski

Genome of first sequenced isolate

The genome of the first fully sequenced isolate of Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is drawn as a path. The length of the path is proportional to the size of the genome. Each base is drawn as a circle whose color is based on the GC content (fraction of guanines and cytosines). The path curvature is proportional to the repeat content and the direction of curvature is determined by GC content.


Art posters of the coronavirus genome -- 56 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 / Science and Art by Martin Krzywinski