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visualization + design
If you are interested in color, explore my other color tools, Brewer palettes resources, color blindness palettes and math and an exhausting list of 10,000 color names for all those times you couldn't distinguish between tan hide, sea buckthorn, orange peel, west side, sunshade, california and pizzaz.

Designing for Color blindness

Color choices and transformations for deuteranopia and other afflictions

Here, I help you understand color blindness and describe a process by which you can make good color choices when designing for accessibility.

The opposite of color blindness is seeing all the colors and I can help you find 1,000 (or more) maximally distinct colors.

You can also delve into the mathematics behind the color blindness simulations and learn about copunctal points (the invisible color!) and lines of confusion.

Terminal color-blind-safe schemes

The terminal and text editor themes shown here were designed by Alan Welsh for green-weak colorblind users. If there are any red-weak users who find these themes unsuitable and would like to help in designing more, please reach out to Alan.

1 · Carribean dusk

CSS | Carribean Dusk terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
CSS | Carribean Dusk terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh
PY | Carribean Dusk terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
PY | Carribean Dusk terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh
HTML | Carribean Dusk terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
HTML | Carribean Dusk terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh
JS | Carribean Dusk terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
JS | Carribean Dusk terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh
C | Carribean Dusk terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
C | Carribean Dusk terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh

2 · Bay of alabaster

CSS | Bay of Alabaster terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
CSS | Bay of Alabaster terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh
PY | Bay of Alabaster terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
PY | Bay of Alabaster terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh
HTML | Bay of Alabaster terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
HTML | Bay of Alabaster terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh
JS | Bay of Alabaster terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
JS | Bay of Alabaster terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh
C | Bay of Alabaster terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
C | Bay of Alabaster terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh

3 · Black Russian cotton candy

CSS | Black Russian Cotton Candy terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
CSS | Black Russian Cotton Candy terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh
PY | Black Russian Cotton Candy terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
PY | Black Russian Cotton Candy terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh
HTML | Black Russian Cotton Candy terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
HTML | Black Russian Cotton Candy terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh
JS | Black Russian Cotton Candy terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
JS | Black Russian Cotton Candy terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh
C | Black Russian Cotton Candy terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh / Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
C | Black Russian Cotton Candy terminal and text editor color palette by Alan Walsh

news + thoughts

Propensity score matching

Mon 16-09-2024

I don’t have good luck in the match points. —Rafael Nadal, Spanish tennis player

In many experimental designs, we need to keep in mind the possibility of confounding variables, which may give rise to bias in the estimate of the treatment effect.

Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
Nature Methods Points of Significance column: Propensity score matching. (read)

If the control and experimental groups aren't matched (or, roughly, similar enough), this bias can arise.

Sometimes this can be dealt with by randomizing, which on average can balance this effect out. When randomization is not possible, propensity score matching is an excellent strategy to match control and experimental groups.

Kurz, C.F., Krzywinski, M. & Altman, N. (2024) Points of significance: Propensity score matching. Nat. Methods 21:1770–1772.

Nasa to send our human genome discs to the Moon

Sat 23-03-2024

We'd like to say a ‘cosmic hello’: mathematics, culture, palaeontology, art and science, and ... human genomes.

Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
SANCTUARY PROJECT | A cosmic hello of art, science, and genomes. (details)
Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
SANCTUARY PROJECT | Benoit Faiveley, founder of the Sanctuary project gives the Sanctuary disc a visual check at CEA LeQ Grenoble (image: Vincent Thomas). (details)
Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
SANCTUARY PROJECT | Sanctuary team examines the Life disc at INRIA Paris Saclay (image: Benedict Redgrove) (details)

Comparing classifier performance with baselines

Fri 22-03-2024

All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others. —George Orwell

This month, we will illustrate the importance of establishing a baseline performance level.

Baselines are typically generated independently for each dataset using very simple models. Their role is to set the minimum level of acceptable performance and help with comparing relative improvements in performance of other models.

Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
Nature Methods Points of Significance column: Comparing classifier performance with baselines. (read)

Unfortunately, baselines are often overlooked and, in the presence of a class imbalance, must be established with care.

Megahed, F.M, Chen, Y-J., Jones-Farmer, A., Rigdon, S.E., Krzywinski, M. & Altman, N. (2024) Points of significance: Comparing classifier performance with baselines. Nat. Methods 21:546–548.

Happy 2024 π Day—
sunflowers ho!

Sat 09-03-2024

Celebrate π Day (March 14th) and dig into the digit garden. Let's grow something.

Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
2024 π DAY | A garden of 1,000 digits of π. (details)

How Analyzing Cosmic Nothing Might Explain Everything

Thu 18-01-2024

Huge empty areas of the universe called voids could help solve the greatest mysteries in the cosmos.

My graphic accompanying How Analyzing Cosmic Nothing Might Explain Everything in the January 2024 issue of Scientific American depicts the entire Universe in a two-page spread — full of nothing.

Martin Krzywinski @MKrzywinski mkweb.bcgsc.ca
How Analyzing Cosmic Nothing Might Explain Everything. Text by Michael Lemonick (editor), art direction by Jen Christiansen (Senior Graphics Editor), source: SDSS

The graphic uses the latest data from SDSS 12 and is an update to my Superclusters and Voids poster.

Michael Lemonick (editor) explains on the graphic:

“Regions of relatively empty space called cosmic voids are everywhere in the universe, and scientists believe studying their size, shape and spread across the cosmos could help them understand dark matter, dark energy and other big mysteries.

To use voids in this way, astronomers must map these regions in detail—a project that is just beginning.

Shown here are voids discovered by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), along with a selection of 16 previously named voids. Scientists expect voids to be evenly distributed throughout space—the lack of voids in some regions on the globe simply reflects SDSS’s sky coverage.”

voids

Sofia Contarini, Alice Pisani, Nico Hamaus, Federico Marulli Lauro Moscardini & Marco Baldi (2023) Cosmological Constraints from the BOSS DR12 Void Size Function Astrophysical Journal 953:46.

Nico Hamaus, Alice Pisani, Jin-Ah Choi, Guilhem Lavaux, Benjamin D. Wandelt & Jochen Weller (2020) Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2020:023.

Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 12

constellation figures

Alan MacRobert (Sky & Telescope), Paulina Rowicka/Martin Krzywinski (revisions & Microscopium)

stars

Hoffleit & Warren Jr. (1991) The Bright Star Catalog, 5th Revised Edition (Preliminary Version).

cosmology

H0 = 67.4 km/(Mpc·s), Ωm = 0.315, Ωv = 0.685. Planck collaboration Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters (2018).

Martin Krzywinski | contact | Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences CentreBC Cancer Research CenterBC CancerPHSA
Google whack “vicissitudinal corporealization”
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